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February 2016 AD
Judeo-LiberalInequality
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Census Bureau:
LINKCalifornia still has highest U.S. poverty rate
California’s official poverty rate is above-average, but not much.
However, by an alternative methodology devised by the Census Bureau,
California has the nation’s highest rate of poverty with nearly a
quarter of its 38 million residents impoverished, due to the state’s
high cost of living
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A big-shot venture capitalist
LINKsays we need inequality. What do economists say? SAN FRANCISCO – There
is an apartment for rent in a renovated former warehouse here, across
the street from the Caltrain commuter rail station. It has two bedrooms
and two bathrooms and nearly 700 square feet of space. It comes
furnished. It is, the online advertisement proclaims, a "perfect place"
for someone, like so many young startup employees today, who works in
Silicon Valley but lives in the city. It could be yours for $8,525 a
month.
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(continued)
Paul Graham, a venture capitalist and one of the founders of the
startup incubator Y Combinator, would have you believe this rising
inequality is a good thing. Or, at very worst, the inevitable
consequence of a good thing. "You can't prevent great variations in
wealth without preventing people from getting rich," he wrote in an
essay that went viral online last week, "and you can't do that without
preventing them from starting startups."
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(continue) If you take that as a
proxy for the Silicon Valley effect, though, you're left with a
problem: 86 percent of the recent inequality increase can't be
explained by innovation. You're also stuck with the fact that startup
formation for tech companies has been falling for more than a decade
even as inequality has been widening, and not rising, as Graham
implies. Total venture capital funding remains well below late-1990s
levels, even before you adjust for inflation, according to data from
the National Venture Capital Association.
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A black hole for
LINKour best and brightest
Wall Street is bigger and richer than ever, the research shows, and the economy and the middle class are worse off for it.
... The financial industry has doubled in size as a share of the economy in the past 50 years, but it hasn’t gotten any better at its core job: getting money from investors who have it to companies that will use it to generate growth, profit and jobs. |
(Continue) To understand how and why that is,
think of money as water and the financial system as a series of pipes.
Ideally, the pipes deliver the water from people who have stockpiled it
(investors) to people who want to put it to productive use
(entrepreneurs, executives, home buyers, etc.).
Over the past half-century, America’s financial industry built a whole bunch of new pipes. The sector grew six times as fast as the economy overall during the past three decades. Other advanced countries didn’t see anywhere close to that growth in their financial sectors. ... Extra pipes attracted better plumbers — the more the finance industry grew, the more it tugged at highly educated workers. |
(Continued) In
perhaps the starkest illustration, economists from Harvard University
and the University of Chicago wrote in a recent paper that every dollar
a worker earns in a research field spills over to make the economy $5
better off. Every dollar a similar worker earns in finance comes with a
drain, making the economy 60 cents worse off.
... Those finance pros could have been doctors or researchers or product engineers. They could have gone into the business of solving human problems, commercializing big ideas and creating jobs. Almost anything they could have done, by Philippon’s calculations, would have added more value — more growth and job creation — to the economy. |
(continue) Philippon
is a French economist at NYU’s Stern School of Business. He and a
co-author, Ariell Reshef of the University of Virginia, have shown that
from the end of World War II until the early 1980s, finance was just
like any other desk job: The average Wall Street worker was paid about
as much as the average worker in the private sector and was only
slightly more educated.
But starting at about the time that Jackson joined Goldman, when Congress began tweaking investment-tax rates, Wall Street started drawing more educated workers. This made the average finance salary go up — from less than $50,000 a year in 1981 (which is about $100,000 in today’s dollars) to more than $350,000 a year in 2012. |
(continued) Philippon
tracked the fees that banks and other asset managers take when they
move money between investors and borrowers. In theory, the managers
should charge less as their technology improves, because they become
more efficient and more competitive with one another. (Or, if they
charge the same amount, they should generate better returns for
investors.)
That’s
how it works with, say, your laptop: As the technology improves, you
can either buy a better computer for the same price as your last one or
you can buy a clone of your last one for less.
In finance, Philippon found, the opposite is true. Financial firms pocket about 2 percent of the money that passes through their hands. That’s basically unchanged from the price of finance in 1920, and it’s actually an increase from the mid-1960s. “It seems that improvements in information technologies over the past 30 years have not necessarily led to a decrease” in the price of financial intermediation, he concluded in the paper. What that means is that the growth of complex financial products has served primarily to boost income for the firms themselves, Philippon said. |
You can read further at | The Problem |
You can read further at | Guide to "Checks and Balances" |
You can read further at | The Solution |
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